This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and not considered to have a structure. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields.

Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin.

The Wave/Particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. The astronauts in space flights, and the pilots of some fighter aircraft, are subjected to gravitational acceleration levels of up to 6 or 8 g.Īlso see acceleration and Table of Physical Units and Constants. The gravity on the surface of Mars is approximately 0.37 g the gravity in the atmosphere of Jupiter is about 2.5 g. Conversely, a free-falling object near the earth's surface gains downward speed at a rate of 9.8 m/s 2. The occupants of that space ship experience a force equal to the force of gravity at the earth's surface (1 g), and this force has the same physical effect as gravitation. Suppose a deep-space vessel accelerates at 9.8 m/s 2, far away from the gravitational field of any planet or star. This principle states that the force produced by a gravitational field is qualitatively the same (in terms of how it affects physical objects, time, and space) as the force produced when a reference frame accelerates. The use of the term acceleration in conjunction with gravity arises from Einstein's principle of equivalence, which was a cornerstone in the development of the general theory of relativity. At the surface of the earth, 1 g is about 9.8 m/s 2. It is expressed in meters per second squared (m/s 2 ). Gravitational acceleration (symbolized g) is an expression used in physics to indicate the intensity of a gravitational field.

Gravity acceleration